Muscle fibres have 2 recruitment patterns:

• Innervate units that recruit the same fibres but at different times so some rest while others work
• More fatigue resistant fibres are recruited before fibres that are more rapidly fatigued

Type 2b fibres are the more resilient fibres so once these fibres have been fatigued you will no longer be able to lift, and it is also these type 2 fibres which have the most potential for growth. This is strong evidence that training to failure is obviously a requirement to achieve growth.

Time under tension is a well-known tool to encourage growth. To an extent; the longer the muscle is under tension the more microtrauma is incurred, causing a growth stimulus. This is strong evidence that training to failure is necessary to stimulate growth as training to failure means that the muscle is under tension for greater periods of time.

However, when it comes to the nervous system, both central and peripheral, training to failure is not the best stimuli for growth. As muscle fibres exhaust and failure becomes imminent the nervous system recruits all available motor units and fires them as much as possible, however as maximum contraction continues this frequency of firing decreases.

Quote from an article on the weight-trainer website: “We know that each neuron must release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) every time that it fires (or ‘twitches’) a motor unit. We also know that the neurons transmit impulses down the length of their axons by way of Sodium/Potassium transport and the Sodium/Potassium ATPase Pump. The signal is carried across the membrane of the muscle cell in the same manner. The whole process also relies heavily on optimum calcium levels and enzymes that are involved in the synthesis and breakdown of acetylcholine and numerous other substances. The frequency of motor unit firing decreases, therefore, as these substrates are exhausted – yet as failure approaches we continue our maximal effort to lift the weight.”

Ever heard of the Isotron machine? Designed by Dr. John Ziegler, it is used to monitor overtraining via the electrical impulses passed through muscles. The machine supplies an electrical impulse to a muscle being tested. It found that overtrained or recently trained muscles require a much higher current than a rested muscle for strong contractions to be achieved.

What does this mean?
As your nervous system controls your muscles through electrical impulses, overtrained or recently trained muscles require a larger signal to actually complete a contraction of the same magnitude as a fresh, rested muscle (obviously good cause to think whether you are overtrained or not!). By training intuitively you can still cause sufficient microtrauma to your muscles fibres to encourage growth, without continually draining your nervous system. Training to just before failure will still create gains.

So far this relates to the peripheral nervous system, so what about the central nervous system (CNS)?
If you didn’t know then here is a little background for you: The central nervous system functions by sending electrical impulses through your nerves to the designated motor unit. This signal cannot be sustained for long periods of time with speed and power for the optimum frequency. Through continuous signals sodium, potassium and other substrate concentrations decrease to the point where contractions become slower and weaker. Eventually a state of inhibition is reached to prevent itself from further stimuli. Hence when you seem to lose all strength and drop the weight in pure exhaustion.

Although not understood, one fact in training is that mood and emotional state can affect the discharge characteristics of the CNS. ‘Psyching up’ for a big lift or thinking that one more rep is out of the question, yet you somehow manage it, are both examples of this. Both of these examples demonstrate CNS manipulation that in turn makes you physically stronger (you shouldn’t, however, always ‘psych up’ as you will over train rapidly). This means that training in a normal frame of mind on a regular basis, without the constant desire to thrash yourself, should be a regular feature of your training.

So again, we ask, what does this mean?
Well, by training to failure each time you train you are going set your nerve cells into a constant state of inhibition leading you to tax the CNS far to much through the increased out put of electrical impulses. This will lead to rapid overtraining. That leads to time off and bodily and mental states lacking motivation, appetite, etc. It also means that it is not always muscular failure which is occurring; more CNS failure, which means that your muscles are not being worked anyway so stimuli for growth is not being achieved every time you train.

Couple muscular and neuro failure together and what do you get? Poor form and therefore poor training. Poor form leads to injuries and injuries lead to more time off.

So, in conclusion to all this, muscular failure, be it concentric, eccentric or isometric, is not necessary to provide a growth stimulus. What is necessary are good form, continuous training, the build up of fatigue products and good diet and resting patterns. Fibres need sufficient training for microtrauma to be incurred causing the release of regenerative hormones to be released in the cells which leaches into the surrounding area as well as intracellular calcium levels to rise to trigger both growth and destructive processes (destructive to remove such substrates as lactic acid) without over taxation of the nervous system.

I hope this demonstrates that the CNS is a vital part of your training and that by training to failure time and time again you will offset the positive effects of it with the negative effects. Once again I will iterate that I do believe that training to failure is a useful tool for growth stimuli, only not the only tool.

Endurance based sports and training utilise the Type I muscle fibres, also known as ’slow twitch’ muscle fibres. Type I muscle fibres are more efficient than Type II (‘fast twitch’) muscle fibres, at utilising oxygen during exercise. For endurance based activities, oxygen is present and available to use, over a longer period of time, allowing for continuous muscular contraction to take place.

Trainers with aspirations of training for endurance will often utilise a method known as calisthenics, which sees their own bodyweight used as resistance during their exercises. Such exercises include:

• Press ups
• Pullups/chinups
• Dips
• Crunches
• Bodyweight squats
• Etc

Keeping the rest periods between sets and exercises short will also help to increase the endurance of the individual. Circuit training type methods has rest periods kept short, whilst the individual then moves onto their next exercise.

There are various guidelines and percentages that can be used when selecting weights for endurance training. Around 60% of the individuals 1RM would be a good starting place to adjust from; 20-25 repetitions are a decent starting point to base their efforts upon, with three sets for each exercise being utilised.

Periodisation for endurance training may see the individual progress by increasing the repetitions performed, or possibly by decreasing rest periods between sets and exercises. Once the individual plateaus on a certain exercise, they may change the exercise and replace it within their routine, in order to continue their progression.

Day 1 – Legs and abs
Squats – 1×20
Squats – 2×8
Leg press – 3×10
SLDL/leg curls – 3×12
Calf raises – 3×20
Rope crunches – 3×12

Day 2 – Chest and arms
Incline bench press – 3×8
Flat dumbbell bench press – 3×10
Dips – 3×8
CGBP – 3×12
Dumbell bicep curls – 3×12

Day 3 – Back and traps
Chin-ups – 3×8
Single arm dumbbell rows – 3×10
Barbell rows – 3×8
Deadlifts – 3×8
Barbell/dumbbell shrugs – 3×10

Day 4 – Shoulders and abs
Seated dumbbell press – 3×8
Standing military press – 3×10
Lateral raises – 3×10
Rear delt raises – 3×10
Leg raises – 3×12

Working with the above routine, the individual can again utilise linear progression in order to improve during their training. Additionally, he/she cycle their repetition ranges as outlined above, if a plateau becomes evident during their training and progression.

Hypertrophy routines are those often utilised by bodybuilders and trainers that have body image as their training goal. For powerlifters and strongmen, aesthetics often aren’t their number one priority for training, where as endurance is often sports performance related, and again, performance doesn’t always result in a priority for aesthetics. Bulking and cutting cycles are utilised by bodybuilders and trainers in order to either increase their lean mass by eating a calorific surplus, or to lose weight by being in a calorific deficit. There is no real need to change the routine of the trainer from bulking to cutting, unless the individual has expressed a desire to change their routine in order to combine differing training methods to form a new approach.

When losing weight, keep the weight training intense and keep the repetitions as outlined above. There is often a myth that higher repetitions is the better way to train when trying to lose weight, however, going heavy and training with high intensity is the best way to encourage your body to hold onto lean mass whilst losing weight, as long as the individuals’ diet is in check.

Starting off with a routine such as 5×5 is a good way of getting into the lower repetition ranges, rather than going straight into singles, doubles and triples straight away. It will give your body the chance to get used to the demands that are required of it, especially the ligaments and joints, as they will be taking on heavier lifts with lower repetitions. A good routine to start off with would be Frankie’s 5×5 routine. A good, solid routine, based on the principles of Frankie’s 5×5 is:

Day 1
Deadlifts – 5×5
Dumbell rows – 5×5
Barbell curls – 5×5

Day 2
Barbell bench press – 5×5
Dumbell shoulder press – 5×5
Close grip bench press – 5×5

Day 3
Squats – 5×5
Stiff leg deadlifts – 5×5
Calf raises – 3×20
Weighted crunches – 3×12.

If a new trainer wishes to utilise lower repetition ranges, I recommend Rippetoe’s Routine, Starting Strength. The routine is great for new trainers and works within the lower repetition ranges:

Week 1
Monday – Workout A
Wednesday -Workout B
Friday – Workout A

Week 2
Monday – Workout B
Wednesday – Workout A
Friday – Workout B

Workout A
Squats – 3×5
Bench press – 3×5
Deadlifts – 1×5
Dips – 2×8 (optional)

Workout B
Squats – 3×5
Military press – 3×5
Barbell rows – 3×5
Chinups – 2×8 (optional)

Both of the above routines provide an excellent basis to improve upon. The routines above cover the major compound movements, as well as some accessory and isolation work. Rippetoe’s routine has provided many people with increases in strength as well as mass and is an excellent un-complicated routine.

Cycling repetition ranges is often a way to overcome plateaus during training. Trainers often get stuck on a weight that they can’t seem to increase for a prolonged period of time. When a trainer stagnates in a repetition range of 8-10 reps, then a decrease in the repetitions can often see that individual overcome their plateau. The individual can then work at 6-8 reps for a prolonged period of time, before going back to 8-10 repetitions, to again progress from there.

Another form of cycling repetition ranges is known as conjugated periodisation, as mentioned above, where the trainer utilises higher and lower repetition ranges during the week, rather than having for example four weeks training at higher reps, followed by four weeks at lower repetitions, and so on. The power routine, as outlined above, is a great example of conjugated periodisation. Training with higher repetitions and also lower repetitions on a two week rotation, with the idea of covering both sarcoplasmic and also myofibrillar hypertrophy.

Linear progression is a training concept which has been around for many years. Linear progression simply means that once you get strong on a weight that can be completed for the desired sets and repetition ranges, you increase the weight. Linear progression is evident within the routine such as Frankie’s 5×5 as mentioned above. Once the trainer can complete all 25 reps (5×5) on a specific weight, then the weight is increased, and the cycle continues again from there.

Base your training on the following compound movements:

• Squats
• Deadlifts
• Bench Press
• Power Cleans
• Snatches

A very popular way of training for power is to use the conjugated periodisation method, which sees various repetition ranges as well as sets, used each week. For example, two days of the week can be considered a ‘heavy’ day, whereas two of the other days per week are ‘lower weight’ days. On the heavier days, individuals training for power can use 1-3 reps during their sets on their exercises. On the days when lower weights are selected, it is in the individual’s interest to complete the repetitions as fast as possible, as this will increase their ability to develop force and power.

Accessory work is very useful in helping the main lifts of power training, as listed above. Bench press, squats and deadlifts are the main moves for power lifters. There are various other exercises which can help with these movements.

For help with bench press, consider exercises such as:

• Board presses
• Tate press
• Dips

Accessory movements for squats include:

• Stiff-legged deadlifts (SLDL)
• Good mornings
• Box squats

Exercises which should help with deadlifts:

• Deadlifts off a block
• Abdominal work

For people who wish to train for power three times per week, an example routine would be as follows. Using a two week rota; A-B-A in the first week and B-A-B in the second week:

Week 1
Monday – Workout A
Power Cleans – 5 sets of 3 reps
Bench Press – 3 sets of 8 reps
Squats – 5 sets of 5 reps
Chin-ups – 3 sets of 10 reps

Wednesday – Workout B
Deadlifts – 5 sets of 3 reps
Leg press – 3 sets of 10 reps
Shoulder press/military press – 3 sets of 8 reps
Dips – 3 sets of 10 reps

Friday – Workout A
Power cleans – 8 sets of 1 rep
Bench press – 5 sets of 5 reps
Squats – 3 sets of 10 reps
SLDL – 3 sets of 10 reps
Bicep curls – 3 sets of 10 reps

Week 2
Monday – Workout B
Deadlifts – 3 sets of 8 reps
Leg press – 5 sets of 5 reps
Shoulder press/military press – 5 sets of 5 reps
Close grip bench press (CGBP) – 3 sets of 10 reps

Wednesday – Workout A
Power Cleans – 5 sets of 3 reps
Bench Press – 3 sets of 8 reps
Squats – 5 sets of 5 reps
Chin-ups – 3 sets of 10 reps

Friday – Workout B
Deadlifts – 5 sets of 3 reps
Leg press – 3 sets of 10 reps
Shoulder press/military press – 3 sets of 8 reps
Dips – 3 sets of 10 reps

The above routine involves all of the main three exercises for powerlifters: bench press, squat and deadlift. The above routine also includes conjugated periodisation, rotating the repetition ranges and sets completed on the differing days of the week. Conjugated periodisation will allow for strength and power to be covered, as well as training in higher repetition and ‘mass’ ranges.